ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯈꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ꯫

ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ꯫

ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯕꯣꯟ ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯇꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯍꯦꯗꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯍꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯂꯥꯔ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ–ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯀꯟꯁꯠꯔꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯀꯟꯚꯦꯟꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯅꯥ, ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯅꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨ ꯇꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯦꯠꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ꯫ 'ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ,' 'ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯣꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ' ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 'ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ'ꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯏꯃꯞꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯀꯦꯇꯦꯒꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ [꯱] ꯫

ꯑꯣꯔꯊꯣꯄꯦꯗꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯇꯥꯜ ꯄꯔꯆꯦꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯇꯤꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯛꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯛꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ, ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ, ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯇꯣꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯂꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨꯅꯤ꯫ ꯒꯥꯏꯗꯂꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯝ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁꯦꯞꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯕꯅꯥꯝ ꯅꯟ-ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯣ.ꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯝ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯥ꯫ [꯱] ꯫ [2] ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ ꯈꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔ, ꯕꯣꯟ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ, ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯃꯞꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯏꯟꯁꯠꯔꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯚꯦꯔꯁꯦꯁ ꯅꯟ-ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕꯥ꯫.

ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ꯫

ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ (LCP) ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯄꯨꯅꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯚꯦꯟꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯀꯝꯕꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ-ꯍꯣꯜ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ, ꯍꯣꯂꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯟꯚꯦꯟꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ꯫ ꯈꯅꯒꯠꯂꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯉ꯭ꯀꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯀꯏ; 'ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ' ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ꯫ [3] ꯫

ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ 'ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ'ꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ, ꯍꯣꯜ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯐꯦꯃꯤꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯉꯗꯣꯛꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯔꯤꯚꯤꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯃꯤꯟꯅꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯐꯉ꯭ꯀꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯃꯞꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯂꯦꯕꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯂꯦꯒ-ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯒꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯔꯤ ꯔꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯖ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ–ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯅꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯀꯏ, ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ [2] ꯫ [3] ꯫

ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯣ.ꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯐꯉ꯭ꯀꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ꯫ [2] ꯏꯆꯝ ꯆꯝꯕꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ-ꯀꯦꯄꯦꯕꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯕꯜ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯏꯟꯗꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ: ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯣ.ꯅꯥ ꯈꯅꯒꯠꯂꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯝꯄꯜ ꯐꯦꯃꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔ ꯄꯦꯇꯔꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯥꯇꯦꯖꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯍꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ [4] ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯜ ꯔꯤꯗꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯚꯔꯚꯤꯌꯨ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯄꯦꯁꯦꯟꯇ-ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯛ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ, ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯅꯕꯥ, ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯁꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯂꯣꯗꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

ꯐꯤꯛꯁ-ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯕꯜ-ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯐꯤꯛꯁ-ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯕꯜ-ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯣꯒ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯕꯜ-ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯂꯦꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯔꯦꯟꯖ, ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯇꯤꯇꯤꯕ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯀꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯒꯥꯏꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯂꯤꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯐꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯔꯛ ꯇꯩꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯜꯂꯨ꯫

ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯦꯠ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯔꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯇꯣꯃꯤꯛ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ꯫ 'ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯗꯤꯌꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ' ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇꯥ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯆꯦꯖ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ: ꯁꯥꯏꯗ, ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯃꯦꯠꯔꯤ, ꯍꯣꯜ ꯀꯟꯐꯤꯒꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯀꯁꯨ ꯀꯅꯐꯔꯝ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯇꯤꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯆꯦꯀꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ꯫

ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯔꯆꯦꯖ ꯇꯦꯃꯞꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯧ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯅꯐꯔꯝ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯦꯝ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ.ꯁꯤ.ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯣ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯁꯥꯏꯖꯤꯡ ꯆꯥꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯛ ꯈꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯣꯒ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧ꯫

ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯀꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯀꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯀꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯆ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯌꯨ꯫ ꯁꯕ꯭ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯆ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯇꯧ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦ, ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯇꯉꯥꯏ ꯐꯗꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯈꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫

ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯅꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯍꯣꯜ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯌꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ꯫ ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯣ.ꯅꯥ ꯅꯣꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯍꯣꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ꯫ [2] ꯁ꯭ꯇꯣꯛ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯃꯝ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯥꯏꯗꯤꯌꯥꯜ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯀꯟꯐꯤꯒꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫

ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯇꯣꯔꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯥꯕꯥ꯫ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯔ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯛꯌꯨꯏꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯧ꯫ ꯖꯦꯅꯦꯔꯦꯜ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯁꯦꯌꯥꯔ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯗ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯚꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕꯥ ꯒꯥꯏꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯣꯔꯛ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯛꯀꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯨ꯫

ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯒꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯂꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯍꯅꯕꯥ꯫ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯐꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯛꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯐꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ, ꯅꯟ-ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯁꯃꯁ꯭ꯌꯥꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯨꯠꯊꯠꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯄꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯅꯥ 'ꯕꯣꯟ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ' ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ 'ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯍꯤꯂꯤꯡ ꯔꯦꯠ'ꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯗꯕꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯦꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯌꯨ꯫

ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯤꯛꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫ ꯃꯆꯨ, ꯅꯣꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ ꯗꯥꯏꯑꯦꯃꯤꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯑꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯇꯤꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ꯫ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯕꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯃꯨꯚꯜ-ꯇꯨꯜ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯃꯞꯂꯥꯟꯇ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯃꯨ꯫

ꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯇꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯡ ꯗꯣꯛꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯔꯤꯛꯕꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯒꯦ꯫

ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯐꯤꯒꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯥ ꯁꯝꯅꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯗꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯗꯦꯟꯇꯤꯐꯥꯌꯔ, ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ, ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯁꯟ, ꯁꯦꯝꯄꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯥ, ꯀꯅꯐꯤꯒꯔꯦꯁꯟ, ꯔꯤꯖꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯔꯦꯁꯅꯑꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫ 'ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡ'ꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯀꯣꯇꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯗꯦ꯫

ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦꯐ.꯳꯸꯲ꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯖꯜꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯦꯁꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯀꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯦ꯫ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ-ꯃꯦꯊꯗ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇꯥ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯀꯦꯇꯥꯂꯣꯒ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯑꯦꯟꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯀꯣꯅꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯃꯥꯟ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫ [5] ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏꯌꯔꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯈꯅꯒꯠꯂꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯌꯨ꯫

ꯑꯦꯛꯁ.ꯁꯤ.ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯣꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯆ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯣꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫

ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯪꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ

ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡ꯫

[꯱] ꯫ ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯣ.ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁ — ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯦꯝ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯖꯝ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁ; ꯂꯣꯡ-ꯕꯣꯟ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯣꯀꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫

[2] ꯫ ꯑꯦ.ꯑꯣ.ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁ — ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫ ꯑꯦꯗꯜꯇ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯥꯎꯃꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯂꯁꯤꯡ꯫

[3] ꯫ ꯁꯤꯟꯊꯦꯁ — ꯔꯣꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤꯡ ꯍꯣꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯇꯥꯂꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯜ.ꯁꯤ.ꯄꯤ.ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯛ ꯒꯥꯏꯗ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠ ꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦꯐ.ꯌꯨ.

[4] ꯫ AO ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁ — ꯁꯤꯝꯄꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯛꯁꯤꯃꯥꯜ ꯐꯦꯃꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯁꯥꯐꯝ ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯣꯀꯤꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ꯫

[꯵] . ASTM F382-24 — ꯃꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯛ ꯕꯣꯟ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯦꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯃꯦꯊꯗ꯫

[꯶] ꯫ ASTM F543-23 — ꯃꯦꯇꯥꯂꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯕꯣꯟ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯃꯦꯊꯗꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯑꯦꯗꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤꯌꯜ ꯑꯄꯗꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯛꯇꯣꯕꯔ ꯱꯵, ꯲꯰꯲꯶.ꯔꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯔꯃꯤꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ, ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯚꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯛꯔꯨ-ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯔꯆꯦꯖ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ-ꯔꯤꯚꯤꯌꯨꯒꯤ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯇꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯜꯂꯦ꯫ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯃꯥꯔꯀꯦꯠꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯅꯐꯔꯝ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫